Pediatric otolaryngology
In childhood, ear-nose-throat (ENT) complaints and symptoms can take many forms. These include nasal congestion, snoring, recurrent sore throat, painful swallowing, insomnia, altered speech tone, and so on. Rhinitis, recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and lingual tonsillitis are the most common diseases dealt with by doctors in the field.
Pediatric gastroenterology
This field deals with gastrointestinal diseases and liver diseases in childhood.
Laboratory tests
Laboratory tests can be used to diagnose a wide spectrum of illnesses. This is why blood tests, urinalysis and stool tests are key parts of numerous medical examinations.
Pediatric cardiology
Heart disease in newborns, infants, and children is mostly congenital, but can also be acquired. The clinical presentation and course of congenital malformations can vary widely depending on the type of disease. Most of the abnormalities are mild and heal spontaneously or with medication, but they can also be very severe, with frightening symptoms that require urgent heart surgery or cardiac catheterization in the first days of life.